South sudans constitution of 2011 with amendments through 20. In january 2011, south sudan held a peaceful and transparent referendum on southern secession or unity, as called for in the. Pursuant to the provisions of the interim national constitution of the republic of the sudan for the year, the national legislature passed and signed by the president of the republic the following law. A person must also be at least 18 years old at the time of registration, and be of sound mind. At the core of the administrations new sudan policy is a set of confidential benchmarks that the. In the first section, the chapter focuses on the institutional legacy of indirect rule in south sudan. In a december 15 statement, the carter center reported that registration was credible and a strong step toward successful conduct of the referendum. This has been confirmed in numerous international judgements. But the two countries cannot agree how to divide the oil wealth of the former united state. Though there is a peace agreement in place, rather than act as a safeguard, it will act as a test of the strength of south sudan s newly found independence. A popular vote by the electorate whether to approve a specific legislative act in the referendum. South sudan referendum plans seem shaky the south sudan referendum scheduled for january could be delayed because important issues between south sudan and the sudanese government remain unresolved. Jon temin is the director of usips sudan program, overseeing the institutes efforts to increase stability and peacebuilding capacity in sudan and south sudan.
A team from the us holocaust museum heard their harrowing stories ahead of sundays independence referendum. Dec 19, 2010 south sudan referendum kenya citizentv. Pursuant to the provisions of the interim constitution of the republic of the sudan 2005, the national legislature adopted the following act, which is signed by the president of the republic. Preventive diplomacy and the southern sudan independence.
The landlocked country is embroiled in an often violent dispute with its old rulers in sudan. South sudan will hold an independence referendum on whether or not it should remain as a part of sudan in january 2011. North sudan s dominant party threatened on monday to reject the results of a southern independence referendum unless the south withdraws its troops from. The southern sudan referendum act of 2009 provides the basic legal framework for conducting the southern sudan referendum on whether the north will remain united with the north or secede in the region and other locations. South sudan the referendum formalized a peace agreement. Mar 31, 2020 southern sudan talk about everything like home improvement, automotive, and news by our expert which will help you better life, better everything. Feb 02, 2011 after jubilation of vote, south sudan faces reality of country formation. Sudan may just witness the return of war if the referendum on the seceding of southern sudan delays according to sudan s comprehensive peace.
What are the legal conditions for registering and voting in the south. The center assesses the referendum process in sudan based on the comprehensive peace agreement cpa, sudan s interim national constitution, the southern sudan referendum act, and sudan s obligations for democratic elections contained in regional and international agreements, including the african charter on human and peoples rights and the. Usip experts have been tracking sudan s referendum process. Both sudan and the south are reliant on their oil revenues, which account for 98% of south sudans budget. A string of crises in south sudan is testing peoples. Nov 17, 2010 southern sudan kick started its referendum process this week amidst a mix of tension and excitement. Southern sudan kick started its referendum process this week amidst a mix of tension and excitement. On february 1, usips jon temin provided background on the referendum process, the south s secession and the next steps ahead. Monitoring of media coverage 9 executive summary this regard, media addressing the southern public focused the largest part of their coverage on the referendum, while the volume of the coverage for the referendum in northern outlets was more limited.
Its exactly 19 days to go before southern sudan goes to the ballot in what is expected to be one of the most unique referendums in africa if not in the. A referendum took place in southern sudan from 9 to 15 january 2011, on whether the region should remain a part of sudan or become independent. Witnesses of sudans comprehensive peace agreement, in joint statement, confirm acceptance of referendums result in favour of southern sudans secession press release sg2169afr2115. Mar 08, 2020 south sudan will hold an independence referendum on whether or not it should remain as a part of sudan in january 2011. Secretary general kofi annan, former tanzania prime minister joseph warioba, and dr. Local warming and violent conflict in north and south sudan. In the referendum, voters from southern sudan will have two choices. In a referendum that year, 99 per cent of south sudanese voters supported independence.
In the run up to the january 9th referendum process, leaders have been on an all out campaign. Under the law, the referendum is deemed legally binding if at least 60 per cent of registered voters turn out to vote. On 7 february 2011, the referendum commission published the final results, with 98. North sudan party threatens to reject referendum reuters. Southern sudan independence referendum, 2011 ballotpedia. This referendumwas a result of the peace agreement between the north and south and was designed to allow the southern portion of the country to secede from sudan and be their own. South sudan became independent on 9 july 2011, the result of a peace agreement that ended africas longestrunning civil war. South sudans constitution of 2011 with amendments through. The southern sudan referendum act faq page 2 of 2 hisher name included on the referendum register. The worlds newest country has been born with confirmation that southern sudan voted almost unanimously for independence from the north. Final report on the southern sudan referendum, 2011 deadline for the holding of the referendum set by the act and the cpa. A southern sudan independence referendum occurred on january 9, 2011, in south of sudan as a part of the peace agreement reached in 2005 results show that this measure was approved by a vote of 98. Public opinion research in south sudan since 2004 twelfth study qualitative research ordinary southern sudanese citizens perceptions, not reality scope of research 67 groups in southern sudan 52 locations, all 10 states, ruralurban 860 participants march 16april 6, 2011.
The report examines possible answers and attempts to formulate lessons for global conflict prevention that may emerge from the peaceful sudan referendum experience. Sudan referendum result confirmed world news the guardian. Nearly 99% of southern sudanese voters chose secession in this months independence referendum, clearing the way for sudan to split in two the official preliminary results were announced at. The republic of south sudan is bordered by sudan in the north, ethiopia in. Preliminary statement peaceful, credible voting process. In itself, the vote to create a new country in south sudan is reason enough for celebration. The legislative framework for the conduct of the referendum is the southern sudan referendum act ssra of 2009. The act of being able to go out and drink beer at such late hours in juba already suggests you are in a separate.
Unmis voiced concern about escalating violence over the past two weeks in southern sudan, in which more than 150 people were reportedly killed and many more injured or displaced. The system of voting, milestones and processes for the referendum are laid out in the southern sudan referendum act, 2009. Southern sudanese will cast ballots in a historic referendum starting jan. It mandates the southern sudan referendum commission ssrc to oversee the referendum process and creates a southern sudan referendum bureau to manage the referendum in southern sudan. Learning from sudans 2011 referendum summary numerous predictions asserted that the referendum on the secession of southern sudan would lead to renewed civil war. Postreferendum sudan national and regional questions. George mason school of law judy van rest, executive vice. Nearly all southern sudanese voted for secession world. Constitution of sudan passed by the national assembly on 28 march 1998 presented on 1 april 1998 to the people of the sudan for referendum. Usips jon temin discusses how violence could be a factor in sudan s final referendum results. This guide to law online south sudan contains a selection of south sudanese legal, juridical, and governmental sources accessible through the internet. Sudan referendum act ssra and its implementing rules and regulations aimed at creating a level playing field for the opposing fronts representing unity and secession to enable voters to make an informed choice. Central african republic in the west, democratic republic of congo in the southwest, ethiopia in the east, kenya and uganda in the south and sudan in the north, figure 1.
Sudan refe han reec m um infrastru warehouse support to s sssr. Southern sudan referendum 2011 better life, better everything. Like many african conflicts, the sudan conflict took its roots in the colonization period or even before the 19th century johnson, 2011. Links provide access to primary documents, legal commentary, and general government information about specific jurisdictions and topics. The referendum and the risk it represented could be seen as a test of the interna.
Some 99% of south sudanese have voted to secede from the north, according to the first full count from the landmark independence referendum. Observing the 2011 referendum on the selfdetermination of. The local government act, 2009 south sudan humanitarian. A simultaneous referendum will be held in abyei on whether to become part of south. Constitution of sudan passed by the national assembly on 28. A simultaneous referendum was supposed to be held in abyei on whether to become part of southern sudan but it was postponed due to conflict over demarcation and residency rights. Part iii purposes and principles of the charter of the. The southern sudan referendum act united nations mission in sudan what is the southern sudan referendum act. Jul 04, 2011 both sudan and the south are reliant on their oil revenues, which account for 98% of south sudan s budget. The interpretation and application of this law represented, in several instances, a serious challenge to the organisation of the. After jubilation of vote, south sudan faces reality of. Nearly all southern sudanese voted for secession world news. This weeks legal decision on the boundary of abyeian oilrich and contested region along the disputed northsouth border within sudan is the first major test of recent commitments made in washington by the two parties to sudan s 2005 comprehensive peace agreement, or cpa.
Instead of promoting peace, these international ties may lead to continued conflict as south sudanese leaders build a dependency on foreign aid and intervention. These topic pages provide a quick overview and easy access to all content that can be found on ace for any give topic of interest weather encyclopaedia files, electoral materials, comparative data, consolidated replies, case studies, or other. We will send you urgent actions to be taken on facebook, twitter, and occasionally other social media outlets as the need arises. The southern sudan referendum commission ssrc was subsequently established under article 142, and tasked to organise and monitor the referendum in cooperation with the government and the government of southern sudan. Public opinion research in south sudan since 2004 twelfth study qualitative research ordinary southern sudanese citizens perceptions, not reality scope of research 67 groups in southern sudan 52 locations, all 10. A referendum took place in southern sudan from 9 to 15 january 2011, on whether the region. Is the violence in upper nile state a sign that the referendum may now start to create outbreaks of more violence. Sudanese perspectives on the 2011 referendum november 2010 by richard downie and brian kennedy. In the run up to the january 9th referendum process, leaders have been on. And following an april national elections process marred by irregularities, and alleged human. Southern sudan referendum was timely, fair, peaceful.
The ssr was appointed in july 2010, followed by the southern sudan referendum bureau ssrb in august 2010. Stamp in identity document of a white south african recording their participation in the 1983 constitutional reform referendum a referendum on a new constitution was held in south africa on 2 november 1983 in which the white population was given the opportunity to approve or reject the constitution of 1983. Within 90 days, the ibc will deliver its final say on the number of states and boundaries, and the composition and structure of the cos. Image caption there was a huge turnout for the weeklong referendum. Finding peaceful resolution to the conflict in south sudan. Opportunities and challenges for africas newest country congressional research service summary in january 2011, south sudan held a referendum to decide between unity or independence from the central government of sudan as called for by the comprehensive peace agreement that ended. Sudan referendum act 2009, was reached several days before the end of the six day polling period. Jan 22, 2011 juba, sudan nearly 99 percent of southern sudanese voters have chosen to split off from northern sudan and form their own country, according to preliminary results of an independence referendum. Learning from sudans 2011 referendum united states institute of. Preliminary statement peaceful, credible voting process, with overwhelming turnout, mark southern sudan referendum 17 january 2011, khartoum the european union election observation mission southern sudan referendum 2011 eu eom has been present in sudan since 12 december 2010, following a voter registration assessment mission. Jan 18, 2011 the conduct of the referendum in southern sudan had been timely, fair, peaceful and credible in a way that no one could have predicted just a few months ago, benjamin mkapa, chair of the secretary. Learning from sudans 2011 referendum united states.
Witnesses of sudans comprehensive peace agreement, in joint. The referendum is the culmination of a 2005 peace deal that ended more than two decades of bloody civil war between north and south sudan. Jimmy carter, kofi annan, joseph warioba, and john hardman. Sudan referendum fact sheet united nations peacekeeping. According to section 412 of the southern sudan referendum act the southern referendum shall be deemed legal if at least 60% of the registered voters cast their vote. Opportunities and challenges for africas newest country congressional research service 1 introduction on july 9, 2011, south sudan officially declared independence. Learning from sudans 2011 referendum the web site cannot be. Archived from the original pdf on 19 september 2011. In the second section, attention turns to issues driving political violence and grievances of the marginalised areas. But in many ways, south sudan s creation was a wild act of optimism. And in a nation the size of france, there are only about 300 km 190 miles of tarmac roads.
John hardman, carter center president and ceo, will lead the carter centers international observation. The international communityin particular the united states, which played a critical role in negotiating the. Despite ongoing violence in many parts of sudan and south sudan, the referendum process was largely peaceful. Constitution of sudan passed by the national assembly. The referendum is the last stage of a 2005 peace deal ending sudan s civil war between its north and its south, which fought for 22 years for independence. National and regional questions political violence, and political reform. Jimmy carter, kofi annan, joseph warioba, and john hardman to. Witnesses of sudans comprehensive peace agreement, in. While the act itself was criticized by a number of national and international organizations, it set in place the conditions to conduct the referendum and validate its result. In december 2009, a southern sudan referendum act was adopted by the national legislature, setting the conditions in which the referendum should take place. The nationality, immigration and asylum act 2002 inserted a section 4c into the british nationality act 1981 allowing for registration as a british citizen of any person born between 7 february 1961 and 1 january 1983 who would have become a cukc if the british nationality act 1948 had provided for mothers to transmit citizenship in the same. After decades of war with the north, the region looks set to secede. Part 1 the state and the directive principles article 1 nature of the state the state of sudan is an embracing homeland, wherein races and cultures coalesce and religions conciliate. Provisions of this act shall apply to the referendum organized by the commission, in cooperation with the administration of the abyei area, the government and government of southern sudan, under international observation, on 9 january 2011, i.
Carter center finds southern sudan voter registration credible, strong step toward referendum despite some weaknesses. Jan 30, 2011 the 22year civil war in southern sudan left 2. Southern sudan referendum act, and sudan s obligations for democratic elections contained in regional and international agreements, including the african charter on human and peoples. Witnesses of sudans comprehensive peace agreement, in joint statement, confirm acceptance of referendum s result in favour of southern sudan s secession 8 february 2011 secretarygeneral. On february 1, usips jon temin provided background on the referendum process, the souths secession and the next steps ahead. The sudanese as a whole delivered another powerful message at the same time, one that was unexpected for many, that the south and. President bashir on february 7 accepted the souths vote for independence. If it fails to complete its work, it will transform into a referendum commission on number and boundaries of states, meaning a referendum will be.
The referendum was one of the consequences of the 2005 naivasha agreement between the khartoum central government and the sudan peoples liberation armymovement splam. Carter center finds southern sudan voter registration. Sudan referendum act ssra and its implementing rules and regulations aimed at creating a level playing field for the opposing fronts representing unity and. Southern sudan referendum commission of the final results of the referendum on selfdetermination for the people of southern sudan, which showed that 98. The final results of southern sudan s referendum on secession come as student protesters are beaten and killed on the streets of khartoum, serving as a. Results announced in khartoum showed a near 99% majority in favour of cleaving africas biggest country a mantle that will pass to algeria. This is part of the 2005 naivasha agreement between the khartoum central government and the sudan peoples liberation armymovement splam. Intercommunal violence in southern sudan is increasing, with growing evidence that khartoums divide and destroy policies are partly to blame. Preliminary statement peaceful, credible voting process, with.
South sudan is a landlocked country in east africa, bordering six malarious countries. Instead these states are bound by what is called customary international law, building on the longstanding general practice and legal opinion of the international com munity of states pursuant to which genocide is a crime under international law. Sudan is known for having experienced two civil wars after independence in 1956, but it actually has a longlasting history of repeated conflict events starting well before independence. Sudan referendum act 2009, was reached several days before the end of the sixday polling period. Of course, the referendum will be the ultimate test of the. Sudans referendum results united states institute of peace.
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